AgesOfTools2Atoms

A. Read packet pages 1-6 up through 1804.


B. Watch video from the series.

Be able to explain the contributions of these items, events, and individuals to the development of chemistry through 1804:

Identify the three periods of the Stone Age and their approximate dates from oldest to most recent.

1. Paleolithic period 450,000-10,000 BCE
   1. Advanced stone tools
2. Mesolithic period 10,000-4,500 BCE
   1. 7,000 >Iran->pottery kilns->allowed for separation of compounds based on properties
3. Neolithic period 4,500-2,300 BCE

List the Ages of Metal (see Idea web page 2), their approximate dates from oldest to most recent, and location(s) of first use.

Copper age 9,000-4,000 BCE

1. Came first
   1. Easiest metal to find (on the ground)
   2. Easy to shape (Requires temps of 700-800 degrees Celsius
   3. Copper slides against itself

Bronze age 2,800-700 BCE

1. Alloy: Tin/Arsenic dissolved in 90% Copper
   1. Arsenics lead to health issues in blacksmiths (partial/total paralysis)
   2. That is why Hephaestus is depicted to be a cripple.
2. Originated in of Turkey
3. Tin
   1. Scarce, found in Cyprus and Cupria.
   2. Serves as grit that prevents copper from sliding
   3. Ore melts at 232 degrees Celsius

1,800 AD

1. Originated in of Turkey
2. First came wrought iron
   1. 1% carbon
   2. Basically iron worked over campfire (that's where <1% carbon comes from)
   3. Too malleable (bends)
3. Cast iron second
   1. >4% carbon
   2. Stays in liquid form for a while
   3. Makes it able to be molded
   4. Brittle but useful for things like pots, old bathtubs, benches, etc.

300 BCE to present

1. Started in China
2. ~=1% carbon
3. Narrow "sweet spot"
4. Low O2 environment
5. Mix of hard and flexible to prevent breaking or bending
6. ## Important to distribute carbon evenly
   1. Process of making
      1. Needs religious rituals to preserve the process to make sure it is done the same way every time.
      2. Pounded into layers constantly (layers of glass and rubber)
      3. Coating sword with clay and then quenching it makes it cool at different rates which causes jagged edges and fixes the properties within via hardening.

What properties allowed and copper to be the first to be worked into decorative jewelry by humans? What properties have allowed gold to retain its ranking as a coveted material over 6 millennium?

Gold

1. Very easy to work (soft and flexible)
2. Was in large quantities and was easy to separate from other metals and things
3. Very shiny and beautiful
4. !!!!Doesn't form patina and doesn't become less beautiful with age (perfection)

Copper

1. Very easy to work (soft and flexible)
2. Was easy to find
3. Shiny and beautiful

Identify the basic technology that allowed cultures to gain greater mastery over metals.

Kilns

What fuel did this technology require large amounts of?

Wood

What consequences did the large demand for metal tools have on this fuel supply?

Deforestation

What are the names of some of the microstructures of steel created by the artisans during the forging of the katana blades and where are they found in the blade?

1. martensite
   1. hard outer cutting edge
   2. different cooling=unique micro-crystalline structures
2. ferrite/pearlite
   1. soft, rubbery inside

How does a sword smith make thousand of layers of steel for the core of the blade?

Folding and reworking

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Describe the role that and the Hermetic arts played in developing chemistry. What significant events occurred in the development of chemistry under each of these cultures: Egyptians, , , , Arabs, and Western Europe.

1. Egypt
   1. Ancient Egyptians and Nubians practiced alchemy in effort to reach perfection
   2. Pyramids (2750 BCE)=effort to preserve pharaoh's things forever (immortality=perfection)
2. ## See above
3. Greeks
   1. Aristotle had 5 elements
      1. Water
      2. Earth
      3. Fire
      4. Air
      5. Quintessence (stuff in heavens)
4. Chinese
   1. Gunpowder
   2. Mercury elixir
   3. Steel ()

What myths are tied to ?

1. Philosopher's Stone
   1. Stone that can make things immortal and perfect
   2. Symbolizes pursuit of perfection
   3. Leads to chemistry to manipulate things
2. Perfection
   1. Not possible
   2. Things can't be perfect forever because things run downhill

Identify 2 famous alchemists.


Geber, Isaac Newton


What was a Hermetic seal used for and why was it viewed as an arcane art?


How to create airtight jars with better glassblowing techniques.
Vacuum within sealed tube posed questions.
Did God exist where there was nothing?
What was the cold "glow" when vacuum tubes were charged with static electricity?
Spiritual forces?




Newton's own alchemical writings used these same symbols.


Identify the three heavenly substances of (one substance is also an unique metal known to the ancients).


Mercury, Sulfur, and Salt



How did the idea of the become altered by Christian alchemists in Western Europe as they adopted Arabic/Greek/Egyptian ideas after the Crusades


Rise of rationalism

1. Identify the contributions to the development of chemistry by:
   1. Geber
      1. Pursued elixir cures (poisons that killed disease faster than they killed patient)
   2. Paracelsus:
      1. Self proclaimed amazing physician
      2. Used mineral and chemical treatments
   3. Newton:
   
   Created prism to view spectrum-discovered ROYGBIV
   Brought rationalism
   
   
   
   1. Joseph Priestly:see packet page 3 and video.
      1. 1/r^2
      2. discovers oxygen
   2. Antoine Lavoisier
      1. Flames consume oxygen and air to make carbon dioxide and water
         1. Conservation of Mass

Father of Modern Chemistry

1. James Watt: see History Of Chemistrypacket page 4.
   1. double-acting steam engine
      1. double power same displacement, powered by coal

1. Describe the 4 postulates of John Dalton's Atomic Model from 1803.
2. The postulates of Dalton's atomic theory were used to explain earlier observations of the behavior of matter. His postulates were...
   (a) All matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms.
   (b) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.
   (c) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more atoms in definite arrangements in the ratio of small whole numbers.
   (d) Atoms are not created, destroyed or converted into other kinds of atoms during chemical reactions. They are simply rearranged into new compounds.
   These postulates were accepted for most of the 1800's until new experiments indicated atoms were made up of subatomic particles. These new experiments provided evidence that postulates "a" and "b" were not correct.